Six Sigma Course · Capability, SPC, and DMAIC Back to erdemyilmaz.me

Reference

All references

Every source cited anywhere in the course, generated from the modules' own References sections.

Every source cited anywhere in the course, in one alphabetical list, with the modules that cite it. This page is generated from the modules' own References sections, so it cannot drift out of step with them. Web sources were accessed between 2026-09-09 and 2026-09-10.

Three things are worth knowing before you use this list. First, a source marked secondary means the original was not read by the author and the claim is taken from the source shown; the course says so at the claim as well as here. Second, several entries are catalogue records for standards and textbooks: they establish that a document exists in a particular edition, which is all the course claims from them, and the claims that need the document itself are cited to something that was actually read. Third, a source marked as further reading supports no single claim on its page and is listed because it is the book you should go to next.

The repository's SOURCES.md carries the same list with a reading-depth and verification status for each entry, plus the sources that were deliberately excluded and why. Commercial training and certification sites were not used for any historical or numerical claim.

152 unique sources, 207 citations across the 20 modules.

  1. AIAG & VDA. FMEA Handbook, 1st ed., June 2019 (2nd printing with errata, Aug 2022). https://www.aiag.org/training-and-resources/manuals/details/FMEAAV-1 (catalogue-level: existence, edition, printing history, and the seven-step structure are confirmed at this depth; the Action Priority table's exact contents are not reproduced from this source, see [7]) Cited in modules 10, 19
  2. AIAG & VDA. Statistical Process Control (SPC) Manual: Process Management, Performance and Capability, Control Charts, 1st ed. AIAG and VDA QMC, February 2026 (AIAG catalogue SPCAV-1). Sections 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.8.2 and 9.4; Tables 7-4, 8-1 and 9-3. https://www.aiag.org/training-and-resources/manuals/details/SPCAV-1 (licensed copy read by the author) Cited in modules 7, 8, 16, 17, 19
  3. AIAG. Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP), 3rd ed., March 2024. https://www.aiag.org/training-and-resources/manuals (catalogue-level: existence and edition; control plan now a separate manual) Cited in module 18
  4. AIAG. Control Plan, 1st ed., March 2024. https://www.aiag.org/training-and-resources/manuals/details/CP-1 (catalogue-level: existence and edition; the standalone structure, APQP linkage, and "Safe Launch" phase confirmed at this depth) Cited in modules 18, 19
  5. AIAG. Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Reference Manual, 4th ed., June 2010. AIAG. https://www.aiag.org/training-and-resources/manuals/details/MSA-4 (the %GRR acceptance bands and ndc ≥ 5 guideline are confirmed via secondary sources [8], [9]) Cited in modules 4, 19
  6. AIAG. Production Part Approval Process (PPAP), 4th ed., 2006. AIAG catalogue listing. https://www.aiag.org/training-and-resources/manuals/details/PPAP-4 (existence and edition confirmed from the catalogue; the acceptance bands are cited via [9]) Cited in modules 7, 18
  7. AIAG. Statistical Process Control (SPC) Reference Manual, 2nd ed., 2005. Superseded by [1]. (secondary: its within-sigma Cpk convention is described in footnote 11 of [1], which was read; the 2005 manual itself was not) Cited in modules 7, 18
  8. Anderson, T. W., and Darling, D. A. "Asymptotic Theory of Certain 'Goodness of Fit' Criteria Based on Stochastic Processes." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 23(2):193 to 212, 1952. https://projecteuclid.org/.../10.1214/aoms/1177729437.full (abstract read) Cited in module 11
  9. Anscombe, F. J. "Graphs in Statistical Analysis." The American Statistician 27(1):17 to 21, 1973. https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/StatPrimer/anscombe1973.pdf (scanned copy; the front page was read, the data were transcribed from [8] and checked against the paper's stated properties) Cited in modules 1, 9, 12
  10. Antony, J., Snee, R., and Hoerl, R. "Lean Six Sigma: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 34(7):1073 to 1093, 2017. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ijqrm-03-2016-0035/full/html (abstract read) Cited in module 0
  11. Arafah, M. "Using the Laney p′ Control Chart for Monitoring COVID-19 Cases in Jordan." Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9553754/ (open access; the source read for the z-score, σz = MR̄/1.128 and limit formulas as implemented here) Cited in module 17
  12. ASME Y14.5-2018. Dimensioning and Tolerancing. ASME. https://www.asme.org/codes-standards/find-codes-standards/y14-5-dimensioning-tolerancing/2018 (catalogue-level: existence and edition; statistical-tolerancing symbol details are not read at this depth, so no single claim on this page rests on it) Cited in module 15
  13. ASQ. Certified Six Sigma Green Belt (CSSGB) Body of Knowledge Map 2014 to 2022. American Society for Quality, 2022. https://www.asq.org/cert/resource/pdf/certification/2022-CSSGB-BoK-Map.pdf Cited in modules 0, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12
  14. Best, M., and Neuhauser, D. "Walter A Shewhart, 1924, and the Hawthorne Factory." Quality and Safety in Health Care 15(2):142 to 143, 2006. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2464836/ Cited in modules 0, 2, 16
  15. Bissell, A. F. "How Reliable is Your Capability Index?" Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C (Applied Statistics) 39(3):331 to 340, 1990. https://academic.oup.com/jrsssc/article-pdf/39/3/331/48622534/jrsssc_39_3_331.pdf (abstract read) Cited in module 7
  16. Biswas, P. "IATF 16949:2016 Clause 9.1.1.1 Monitoring and measurement of manufacturing processes." 6 Aug 2023. https://preteshbiswas.com/2023/08/06/iatf-169492016-clause-9-1-1-1-monitoring-and-measurement-of-manufacturing-processes/ (verified, full: commentary on clause 9.1.1.1's requirements, cited as a commentary with the standard itself as the primary reference, see [5]) Cited in modules 18, 19
  17. Bothe, D. R. "Statistical Reason for the 1.5σ Shift." Quality Engineering 14(3):479 to 487, 2002. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/qen-120001884 (abstract read) Cited in modules 0, 6
  18. Bothe, D. R. Measuring Process Capability: Techniques and Calculations for Quality and Manufacturing Engineers. McGraw-Hill, 1997. https://search.worldcat.org/title/36135779 (catalogue record; recommended further reading, not cited for specific claims) Cited in module 7
  19. Box, G. E. P. "Signal-to-Noise Ratios, Performance Criteria, and Transformations (with discussion)." Technometrics 30(1):1 to 40, 1988. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00401706.1988.10488313 (abstract read) Cited in modules 13, 15
  20. Box, G. E. P., and Cox, D. R. "An Analysis of Transformations." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 26(2):211 to 252, 1964. https://academic.oup.com/jrsssb/article/26/2/211/7028064 (abstract read) Cited in module 8
  21. Box, G. E. P., and Wilson, K. B. "On the Experimental Attainment of Optimum Conditions." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 13(1):1 to 45, 1951. https://academic.oup.com/jrsssb/article/13/1/1/7026650 (abstract read) Cited in module 13
  22. Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., and Hunter, W. G. Statistics for Experimenters, 2nd ed. Wiley, 2005. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Statistics+for+Experimenters... (catalogue; factorial design, effects, blocking) Cited in module 13
  23. Burdick, R. K., Borror, C. M., & Montgomery, D. C. (2003). A review of methods for measurement systems capability analysis. Journal of Quality Technology, 35(4), 342–354. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224065.2003.11980232 Cited in module 4
  24. Burns, T. "Predictable." Quality Digest, 13 June 2018. https://www.qualitydigest.com/inside/six-sigma-article/predictable-061318.html (opinion piece, cited as one side of the controversy) Cited in modules 0, 6
  25. Champ, C. W., and Woodall, W. H. "Exact Results for Shewhart Control Charts with Supplementary Runs Rules." Technometrics 29(4):393 to 399, 1987. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00401706.1987.10488266 (abstract read; the Markov-chain method. Table 5 was computed by the course's own implementation and checked by simulation, not copied) Cited in module 16
  26. Chan, L. K., Cheng, S. W., and Spiring, F. A. "A New Measure of Process Capability: Cpm." Journal of Quality Technology 20(3):162 to 175, 1988. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224065.1988.11979102 (abstract read) Cited in module 7
  27. Chase, K. W., & Parkinson, A. R. (1991). A survey of research in the application of tolerance analysis to the design of mechanical assemblies. Research in Engineering Design, 3, 23–37. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01580066 (abstract-level) Cited in module 15
  28. Clements, J. A. "Process Capability Calculations for Non-Normal Distributions." Quality Progress 22(9):95 to 100, 1989. https://asq.org/quality-progress/articles/... (abstract read) Cited in module 8
  29. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001316446002000104 Cited in module 4
  30. Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988. https://www.routledge.com/Statistical-Power-Analysis-for-the-Behavioral-Sciences/Cohen/p/book/9780805802832 (catalogue; the 0.2 / 0.5 / 0.8 labels are behavioural-science conventions) Cited in module 11
  31. Cramér, H. Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton University Press, 1946. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.223699 (catalogue; origin of the association measure known as Cramér's V) Cited in module 11
  32. Creveling, C. M. (1997). Tolerance Design: A Handbook for Developing Optimal Specifications. Addison-Wesley. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3399329 (catalogue-level; links the loss function and capability) Cited in module 15
  33. Deming, W. E. "On Probability as a Basis for Action." The American Statistician 29(4):146 to 152, 1975. https://deming.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/On-Probability-As-a-Basis-For-Action-1975.pdf Cited in modules 1, 2, 5
  34. Deming, W. E. (1986). Out of the Crisis. MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, p. 327. https://archive.org/details/outofcrisisquali00demi (catalogue-level; the page reference is via [11]) Cited in modules 2, 5
  35. DQS. "New AIAG & VDA SPC Manual 1st Edition released." 2026. https://www.dqsglobal.com/en/explore/blog/release-of-aiag-vda-spc-manual-1st-edition (verified, full: Cp/Cpk only for statistically stable processes, Pp/Ppk otherwise, the convention this module's ongoing Ppk tracking follows) Cited in module 18
  36. Evans, D. H. (1974–1975). Statistical tolerancing: the state of the art. Parts I–III. Journal of Quality Technology, 6(4), 188–195; 7(1), 1–12; 7(2), 72–76. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224065.1975.11980657 (abstract-level: linear propagation/RSS, non-linear methods, and Part III's treatment of shifts and drifts confirmed at this depth) Cited in module 15
  37. Fisher, R. A. The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd, 1935. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502684 (catalogue; randomisation, replication, blocking and the factorial principle) Cited in module 13
  38. Fleiss, J. L. (1971). Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 378–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031619 Cited in module 4
  39. General Electric Company. 1998 Annual Report, letter to share owners. 1999. https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/g/NYSE_GE_1998.pdf (the company's own claims, unaudited) Cited in module 0
  40. Griffin, A., & Hauser, J. R. (1993). The voice of the customer. Marketing Science, 12(1), 1–27. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mksc.12.1.1 Cited in module 3
  41. Hahn, G. J., Doganaksoy, N., and Hoerl, R. "The Evolution of Six Sigma." Quality Engineering 12(3):317 to 326, 2000. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08982110008962595 (secondary: citation only; GE insiders' account of the programme's evolution) Cited in module 0
  42. Harry, M. J. The Nature of Six Sigma Quality. Motorola University Press, 1988. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9828527M/The_Nature_of_Six_Sigma_Quality (catalogue record; secondary for the 1.5σ convention, which is attributed to it by [5]) Cited in modules 0, 6
  43. Harry, M., & Schroeder, R. (2000). Six Sigma: The Breakthrough Management Strategy Revolutionizing the World's Top Corporations. Currency/Doubleday. https://books.google.com/books/about/Six_Sigma.html?id=RY0rAAAAYAAJ (secondary: catalogue-level; savings claims in this book are not repeated as fact; further reading, no claim on this page rests on it) Cited in modules 3, 6
  44. Hindo, B. "At 3M, a Struggle Between Efficiency and Creativity." BusinessWeek, 11 June 2007. https://effectuation.org/hubfs/Journal%20Articles/2016/06/3m-struggle-between-efficiency-and-creativity.pdf Cited in modules 0, 14
  45. Hirano, H. (1995). 5 Pillars of the Visual Workplace. Productivity Press. https://www.routledge.com/5-Pillars-of-the-Visual-Workplace/Hirano/p/book/9781563270475 (catalogue-level; the five steps) Cited in module 14
  46. Hodges, J. L., and Lehmann, E. L. "Estimates of Location Based on Rank Tests." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 34(2):598 to 611, 1963. https://projecteuclid.org/.../10.1214/aoms/1177704172.full (abstract read) Cited in module 11
  47. IATF 16949:2016. Quality management system requirements for automotive production and relevant service parts organizations. IATF. Clause 9.1.1.1, summarized via [4]. (secondary: standard not read directly, not available online; requirement for process studies, capability verification, reaction plans when unstable or not capable, recording significant process events) Cited in module 18
  48. Imai, M. (1986). Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success. McGraw-Hill. https://archive.org/details/kaizen00masa (catalogue-level) Cited in module 14
  49. Ishikawa, K. (1976). Guide to Quality Control. Asian Productivity Organization. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4595409M/Guide_to_quality_control (catalogue-level; the seven basic quality tools, of which the Pareto chart is one) Cited in modules 9, 10
  50. ISO 22514-1:2014. Statistical methods in process management. Capability and performance. Part 1: General principles and concepts. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/64135.html (scope and structure read from the public preview) Cited in modules 7, 8
  51. ISO 22514-2:2026. Statistical methods in process management. Capability and performance. Part 2: Process capability and performance of time-dependent process models, 3rd ed. International Organization for Standardization, 2026. https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/iso-22514-2/400044429 (catalogue entry read: edition, the eight time-dependent distribution models, and the extension to processes not always in statistical control; the standard's text was not read) Cited in module 8
  52. ISO 7870-2:2023. Control charts. Part 2: Shewhart control charts, 2nd ed. International Organization for Standardization, 2023. https://www.evs.ee/en/iso-7870-2-2023 (catalogue: current edition and scope, including warning limits and pattern tests; the international standard for the charts of this module, read at scope level only, so no single claim here rests on it) Cited in module 16
  53. ISO 7870-4:2021, Control charts. Part 4: Cumulative sum charts; ISO 7870-6:2016, Control charts. Part 6: EWMA control charts. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/74101.html ; https://www.iso.org/standard/40173.html (secondary: existence and scope from catalogue listings; not read) Cited in module 17
  54. ISO 7870-8:2017. Control charts. Part 8: Charting techniques for short runs and small mixed batches. International Organization for Standardization. https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/67410/.../ISO-7870-8-2017.pdf (scope and structure read from the public preview) Cited in module 17
  55. ISO/TR 22514-9:2023. Statistical methods in process management. Capability and performance. Part 9: Process capability statistics for characteristics defined by geometrical specifications. https://www.iso.org/standard/69643.html (secondary: existence and scope from the catalogue listing; not read) Cited in module 8
  56. Johnson, N. L. "Systems of Frequency Curves Generated by Methods of Translation." Biometrika 36(1/2):149 to 176, 1949. https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article-abstract/36/1-2/149/200775 (abstract read) Cited in module 8
  57. Juran, J. M. (1975). The non-Pareto principle; mea culpa. Quality Progress, 8(5), 8–9. https://www.juran.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Non-Pareto-Principle-1974.pdf Cited in module 9
  58. Kane, V. E. "Process Capability Indices." Journal of Quality Technology 18(1):41 to 52, 1986. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224065.1986.11978984 (abstract read) Cited in module 7
  59. Kano, N., Seraku, N., Takahashi, F., & Tsuji, S. (1984). Attractive quality and must-be quality. Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control, 14(2), 147–156. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/quality/14/2/14_KJ00002952366/_article/-char/en Cited in module 3
  60. Kepner, C. H., & Tregoe, B. B. (1965). The Rational Manager. McGraw-Hill. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rational_Manager.html?id=OboWAAAAIAAJ (catalogue-level; Is/Is-not problem analysis) Cited in module 10
  61. Kotz, S., and Johnson, N. L. "Process Capability Indices: A Review, 1992 to 2000 (with discussion)." Journal of Quality Technology 34(1):2 to 19, 2002. http://asq.org/qic/display-item/index.html?item=20422 (abstract read) Cited in module 8
  62. Kushler, R. H., and Hurley, P. "Confidence Bounds for Capability Indices." Journal of Quality Technology 24(4):188 to 195, 1992. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224065.1992.11979400 (abstract read) Cited in module 7
  63. Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/843571/ (secondary: the benchmark scale quoted here is confirmed via citation-listing sources, not a direct reading of the paywalled original) Cited in module 4
  64. Laney, D. B. "Improved Control Charts for Attributes." Quality Engineering 14(4):531 to 537, 2002. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/QEN-120003555 (abstract read; the p′ and u′ charts for over-dispersed data) Cited in module 17
  65. Lean Enterprise Institute. "Seven Wastes." Lean Lexicon. https://www.lean.org/lexicon-terms/seven-wastes/ Cited in modules 0, 2
  66. Lean Enterprise Institute. Lexicon: "Standardized Work." https://www.lean.org/lexicon-terms/standardized-work/ Cited in module 14
  67. Lean Enterprise Institute. Lexicon: "Value-stream mapping." https://www.lean.org/lexicon-terms/value-stream-mapping/ Cited in module 2
  68. Lenth, R. V. "Quick and Easy Analysis of Unreplicated Factorials." Technometrics 31(4):469 to 473, 1989. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00401706.1989.10488595 (abstract read; the s₀, PSE and ME definitions are the standard ones implemented in statistical software) Cited in module 13
  69. Levene, H. "Robust Tests for Equality of Variances." In Olkin, I. (ed.), Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling, pp. 278 to 292. Stanford University Press, 1960. (catalogue; the median-centred version used here is the common modification) Cited in module 11
  70. Liker, J. K. (2004). The Toyota Way. McGraw-Hill. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Toyota_Way.html?id=eZutzPww02EC (secondary: catalogue-level; the eighth-waste attribution is cited from the book's description, not a full reading) Cited in module 2
  71. Linderman, K., Schroeder, R. G., Zaheer, S., & Choo, A. S. (2003). Six Sigma: a goal-theoretic perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 21(2), 193–203. https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/six-sigma-a-goal-theoretic-perspective/ Cited in module 3
  72. Lucas, J. M., and Saccucci, M. S. "Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Schemes: Properties and Enhancements." Technometrics 32(1):1 to 12, 1990. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00401706.1990.10484583 (catalogue; the ARL tables for choosing λ and L) Cited in module 17
  73. Minitab, LLC. "Methods and formulas for Laney P′ Chart." Minitab Statistical Software help. https://support.minitab.com/.../laney-p-chart/methods-and-formulas/ (the same construction as implemented in software; page read, formulas rendered as images) Cited in module 17
  74. Module 3 of this course, the project charter for the same line (baseline 42 per 1,000 cores; goal 10 per 1,000), whose arithmetic is verified by the same harness as this page. Cited in module 19
  75. Montgomery, D. C. Design and Analysis of Experiments, 8th ed., Wiley, 2013 (the plasma-etch 2³ example, Section 6.3); 10th ed., 2019. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Design+and+Analysis+of+Experiments,+10th+Edition-p-9781119492443 (catalogue; the example's data and results are taken from [15]) Cited in module 13
  76. Montgomery, D. C. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 8th ed. Wiley, 2019. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Introduction+to+Statistical+Quality+Control,+8th+Edition-p-9781119399308 (further reading; no single claim on this page rests on it) (catalogue record; the standard textbook treatment of the material in this module, including the derivation of the n − 1 correction) Cited in modules 1, 5, 12
  77. Morris, B. "Jack Welch's Rules for Winning Don't Work Anymore (But We've Got 7 New Ones That Do)." Fortune, 24 July 2006. https://fortune.com/article/fortune-archives-jack-welch/ Cited in module 0
  78. Nair, V. N. (ed.). "Taguchi's Parameter Design: A Panel Discussion." Technometrics 34(2):127 to 161, 1992. https://www.stat.cmu.edu/technometrics/90-00/vol-34-02/v3402127.pdf (abstract read) Cited in module 13
  79. NASA (Vesely, W., Stamatelatos, M., et al.). Fault Tree Handbook with Aerospace Applications, Version 1.1, Aug 2002. https://s3vi.ndc.nasa.gov/ssri-kb/static/resources/Fault%20Tree%20Handbook_NASA.pdf Cited in module 10
  80. National Institute of Standards and Technology. "Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 1988 Recipient: Motorola Inc." Baldrige Performance Excellence Program profile. https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2017/10/11/1988_Motorola_Inc.pdf Cited in modules 0, 6
  81. Nelson, L. S. "The Shewhart Control Chart: Tests for Special Causes." Journal of Quality Technology 16(4):237 to 239, 1984. https://www.leansixsigmadefinition.com/.../The-Shewhart-Control-Chart-Tests-for-Special-Causes-Lloyd-Nelson-Journal-of-Quality-Technology.pdf (the eight tests and Nelson's guidance on their use; read in full from this reproduction) Cited in module 16
  82. NIST/SEMATECH. "1.3.6.6.1. Normal Distribution." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3661.htm Cited in modules 1, 6
  83. NIST/SEMATECH. "1.3.6.6.18. Binomial Distribution." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda366i.htm Cited in module 1
  84. NIST/SEMATECH. "1.3.6.6.19. Poisson Distribution." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda366j.htm Cited in module 1
  85. NIST/SEMATECH. "1.3.6.6.8. Weibull Distribution." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3668.htm Cited in module 1
  86. NIST/SEMATECH. "1.3.6.6.9. Lognormal Distribution." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3669.htm Cited in module 1
  87. NIST/SEMATECH. "5.3.3.4. Fractional factorial designs" and subsections (5.3.3.4.1 half fractions, 5.3.3.4.4 confounding, 5.3.3.4.5 design resolution). e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section3/pri334.htm Cited in module 13
  88. NIST/SEMATECH. "5.3.3.6. Response surface designs." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. Centre points and curvature, central composite and Box-Behnken designs, rotatability. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section3/pri336.htm Cited in module 13
  89. NIST/SEMATECH. "5.5.6. What are Taguchi designs?" e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. Orthogonal arrays as fractional factorials; inner and outer arrays. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section5/pri56.htm Cited in module 13
  90. NIST/SEMATECH. "6.1.6. What is Process Capability?" e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section1/pmc16.htm Cited in modules 7, 8
  91. NIST/SEMATECH. "6.3.2.2. Individuals Control Charts." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. The I-MR chart and the worked example reproduced by this course. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc322.htm Cited in module 16
  92. NIST/SEMATECH. "6.3.2.3. Cusum Control Charts" and "6.3.2.3.1. Cusum Average Run Length." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. The tabular CUSUM and the k = δ/2, h = 4 or 5 guidance. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc323.htm Cited in module 17
  93. NIST/SEMATECH. "6.3.2.4. EWMA Control Charts." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. Formulas, the typical λ of 0.2 to 0.3, and the worked example reproduced by this course. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc324.htm Cited in module 17
  94. NIST/SEMATECH. "6.3.3. What are Attributes Control Charts?" and "6.3.3.2. Proportions Control Charts." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc33.htm Cited in module 17
  95. NIST/SEMATECH. "6.3.3.1. Counts Control Charts." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. The c chart and its Poisson basis. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc331.htm Cited in module 17
  96. NIST/SEMATECH. "6.3.3.2. Proportions Control Charts." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. The p chart formulas. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc332.htm Cited in module 17
  97. NIST/SEMATECH. "7.2.2. Are the data consistent with the assumed process mean?" e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. One-sample t and z tests. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc22.htm Cited in module 11
  98. NIST/SEMATECH. "7.2.2.2. Sample sizes required." e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. The z-based formula, the t-iteration, and the worked example (α 0.05, β 0.10, δ = σ: 9, then 11) reproduced by this course's harness. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc222.htm Cited in module 11
  99. NIST/SEMATECH. "7.2.4.1. Confidence intervals" (for a proportion). e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. Wilson interval recommended for essentially all n and p; exact binomial interval for very small counts. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc241.htm Cited in module 8
  100. NIST/SEMATECH. "8.1.6. What are the basic lifetime distribution models used for non-repairable populations?" e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/apr/section1/apr16.htm Cited in module 1
  101. NIST/SEMATECH. e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, 2.4 "Gauge R&R studies" and 2.4.4 "Analysis of variability". NIST. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/mpc/section4/mpc4.htm Cited in module 4
  102. NIST/SEMATECH. e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, 4.4.4 "How can I tell if a model fits my data?". NIST. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmd/section4/pmd44.htm Cited in modules 9, 12
  103. NIST/SEMATECH. e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, 6.3.2.1 "Shewhart X-bar and R and S control charts". NIST. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc321.htm Cited in modules 5, 7, 16
  104. NIST/SEMATECH. e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. NIST, 2012 (updated). https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/ Cited in modules 12, 19
  105. Ohno, T. Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Productivity Press, 1988. https://books.google.com/books/about/Toyota_Production_System.html?id=QebEDwAAQBAJ (catalogue record; the waste list itself is cited from [18]) Cited in modules 0, 2, 10
  106. Page, E. S. "Continuous Inspection Schemes." Biometrika 41(1/2):100 to 115, 1954. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/41.1-2.100 (catalogue; origin of the CUSUM) Cited in module 17
  107. Pearson, K. "On the Criterion that a Given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be Reasonably Supposed to have Arisen from Random Sampling." Philosophical Magazine, Series 5, 50(302):157 to 175, 1900. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440009463897 (catalogue; origin of the chi-square test) Cited in module 11
  108. Phadke, M. S. Quality Engineering Using Robust Design. Prentice Hall, 1989. https://books.google.com/books/about/Quality_Engineering_Using_Robust_Design.html?id=TZoQAQAAMAAJ (catalogue) Cited in module 13
  109. Plackett, R. L., and Burman, J. P. "The Design of Optimum Multifactorial Experiments." Biometrika 33(4):305 to 325, 1946. https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article-abstract/33/4/305/225377 (abstract read) Cited in module 13
  110. Pugh, S. (1991). Total Design: Integrated Methods for Successful Product Engineering. Addison-Wesley. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Pugh (secondary: the concept-selection matrix method, via a summary source) Cited in module 14
  111. Pyzdek, T., & Keller, P. A. (2018). The Six Sigma Handbook, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill. https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/six-sigma-handbook-fifth-edition (secondary: catalogue-level; general charter template reference) Cited in module 3
  112. Quality Engineer Stuff. "Initial Process Studies in PPAP." n.d. https://qualityengineerstuff.com/doc/initial-process-studies/ (secondary: source for the PPAP 4th edition initial-study bands; confirm against the manual) Cited in module 7
  113. Quality-One. "AIAG & VDA FMEA." https://quality-one.com/aiag-vda-fmea/ (secondary: seven-step process and Action Priority replacing RPN, as summarized by this source; the official AP lookup table's exact contents are not reproduced in this course) Cited in module 10
  114. QualityEngineer.ai. "Gauge R&R acceptance criteria: %GRR, NDC, and what AIAG MSA requires." https://app.qualityengineer.ai/blog/gauge-rr-acceptance-criteria (secondary: corroborates [8]) Cited in module 4
  115. R Core Team. "anscombe: Anscombe's Quartet of 'Identical' Simple Linear Regressions." R datasets package documentation. https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/datasets/html/anscombe.html Cited in module 1
  116. Roberts, S. W. "Control Chart Tests Based on Geometric Moving Averages." Technometrics 1(3):239 to 250, 1959. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00401706.1959.10489860 (catalogue; origin of the EWMA chart) Cited in module 17
  117. Schroeder, R. G., Linderman, K., Liedtke, C., and Choo, A. S. "Six Sigma: Definition and Underlying Theory." Journal of Operations Management 26(4):536 to 554, 2008. https://strategicimprovementsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/PAPER_SIX_SIGMA.pdf (abstract read) Cited in modules 0, 3
  118. Seder, L. A. (1950). Diagnosis with diagrams, Parts I and II. Industrial Quality Control, 6(4) and 6(5). https://asq.org/quality-progress/articles/case-studies/the-multi-vari-chart-an-underutilized-quality-tool?id=d23574b44b3d49b88e9dcdddc4785cbb (secondary: the original 1950 articles were not located; the attribution and method description are via this ASQ case study and corroborating sources) Cited in module 9
  119. Shapiro, S. S., and Wilk, M. B. "An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples)." Biometrika 52(3/4):591 to 611, 1965. https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article-abstract/52/3-4/591/336553 (abstract read) Cited in module 11
  120. Sharma, G. V. S. S., & Rao, P. S. (2014). A DMAIC approach for process capability improvement: an engine crankshaft manufacturing process. Journal of Industrial Engineering International, 10, 65. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40092-014-0065-7 Cited in modules 3, 10, 19
  121. Shewhart, W. A. Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. Van Nostrand, 1931 (reissued ASQ, 1980). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150272 (catalogue record) Cited in modules 0, 16
  122. Shingo, S. (1985). A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System. Productivity Press. https://www.routledge.com/A-Revolution-in-Manufacturing-The-SMED-System/Dillon-Shingo/p/book/9780915299034 (catalogue-level; the internal/external distinction is confirmed at this depth, specific numeric changeover-time claims are Shingo's own reported figures, not independently audited, and are presented as such) Cited in module 14
  123. Shingo, S. (1986). Zero Quality Control: Source Inspection and the Poka-yoke System. Productivity Press. https://www.routledge.com/Zero-Quality-Control-Source-Inspection-and-the-Poka-Yoke-System/Shingo/p/book/9780915299072 (catalogue-level; the three mechanisms) Cited in module 14
  124. Simpson, T. W. "IE 466: Concurrent Engineering, 32.3 Taguchi's robust design method" (Penn State course handout). https://www.me.psu.edu/simpson/courses/ie466/ie466.robust.handout.pdf (the Sony USA vs Sony Japan colour-density story, citing Phadke 1989; the most directly readable source found for this story) Cited in module 15
  125. Somerville, S. E., and Montgomery, D. C. "Process Capability Indices and Non-Normal Distributions." Quality Engineering 9(2):305 to 316, 1996. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08982119608919047 (secondary: cited through [9]; the claim that normal-based PPM predictions err badly on non-normal data is also demonstrated by this module's own examples) Cited in module 8
  126. SPC for Excel. "Acceptance criteria for measurement systems analysis." https://www.spcforexcel.com/knowledge/measurement-systems-analysis-gage-rr/acceptance-criteria-for-msa/ (secondary: restates the AIAG MSA manual's bands) Cited in module 4
  127. SPC for Excel. "Over-controlling a process: the funnel experiment." https://www.spcforexcel.com/knowledge/variation/overcontrolling-process-funnel-experiment/ (secondary: a paraphrase of Deming's experiment, not the original) Cited in module 2
  128. Stephens, M. A. "Tests Based on EDF Statistics." In D'Agostino, R. B., and Stephens, M. A. (eds.), Goodness-of-Fit Techniques. Marcel Dekker, 1986. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26834757M/Goodness-of-Fit_Techniques (catalogue; source of the adjusted Anderson-Darling statistic and p-value approximation implemented in the course harness, as reproduced in standard statistical software) Cited in module 11
  129. Swink, M., and Jacobs, B. W. "Six Sigma Adoption: Operating Performance Impacts and Contextual Drivers of Success." Journal of Operations Management 30(6):437 to 453, 2012. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.jom.2012.05.001 (abstract read) Cited in module 0
  130. Tadikamalla, P. R. "The Confusion over Six-Sigma Quality." Quality Progress 27(11):83 to 85, 1994. https://www.proquest.com/openview/df184b19ba7003517881a00d6f967c6d/1 (abstract read) Cited in modules 0, 6
  131. Taguchi, G. Introduction to Quality Engineering: Designing Quality into Products and Processes. Asian Productivity Organization, 1986. https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000tagu (catalogue) Cited in modules 13, 15
  132. Taguchi, G., & Clausing, D. (1990). Robust quality. Harvard Business Review, 68(1), 65–75. https://hbr.org/1990/01/robust-quality (secondary, paywalled beyond title and lead; the Sony comparison and loss-function argument, presented as reported per this course's standing decision, underlying 1979 data not independently verified) Cited in module 15
  133. Tukey, J. W. Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley, 1977. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1482121 (catalogue record; origin of the box plot) Cited in modules 1, 9
  134. University of Washington, STAT 502 lecture notes. "The 2ᵏ Factorial Design (Montgomery chap. 6; BHH chap. 5)." https://sites.stat.washington.edu/pds/stat502/LectureNotes/2k.factorial.intro.pdf (secondary: reproduces Montgomery's plasma-etch data, effects and ANOVA, which the course harness matches) Cited in module 13
  135. The W. Edwards Deming Institute. "Red Bead Experiment"; "The Red Bead Experiment with Dr. W. Edwards Deming." https://deming.org/explore/red-bead-experiment/ ; https://deming.org/deming-red-bead-experiment/ (the exact box size, colour split, paddle size and headcount are not stated on these pages; Module 2's numbers are the course's own constructed choice, not Deming's documented figures) Cited in module 2
  136. Wasserstein, R. L., and Lazar, N. A. "The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose." The American Statistician 70(2):129 to 133, 2016. https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/Real_World/ASA_statement.pdf Cited in modules 11, 19
  137. Welch, B. L. "The Generalization of 'Student's' Problem when Several Different Population Variances are Involved." Biometrika 34(1/2):28 to 35, 1947. https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article-abstract/34/1-2/28/210174 (abstract read) Cited in module 11
  138. Western Electric Co. Statistical Quality Control Handbook, 1st ed. Indianapolis, 1956. (secondary: out of print; the four zone rules are cited as reproduced in [7]) Cited in module 16
  139. Wheeler, D. J. "Problems with Skewness and Kurtosis, Part One" and "Part Two." Quality Digest, 1 and 2 August 2011 (SPC Press manuscripts 231 and 232). Part One on what the shape parameters measure (the tails); Part Two on the uncertainty of the sample statistics, the robustness of three-sigma limits for homogeneous data of any shape, and the argument against transforming data before charting. https://spcpress.com/pdf/DJW231.pdf ; https://spcpress.com/pdf/DJW232.pdf Cited in module 8
  140. Wheeler, D. J. "Problems with Skewness and Kurtosis, Part Two." Quality Digest, 2 August 2011 (SPC Press manuscript 232). https://www.spcpress.com/pdf/DJW232.pdf Cited in module 17
  141. Wheeler, D. J. "Rational subgrouping: the conceptual foundation of process behavior charts." Quality Digest, 1 June 2015 (manuscript 282); "Rational sampling," 1 July 2015 (manuscript 283). https://spcpress.com/pdf/DJW282.pdf Cited in modules 5, 16
  142. Wheeler, D. J. "The Keys to Quality Assurance: It Takes More Than a Good Capability Ratio." Quality Digest, 4 March 2019 (SPC Press manuscript 345). https://spcpress.com/pdf/DJW345.pdf Cited in modules 7, 8
  143. Wheeler, D. J. Short Run SPC. SPC Press, 1991. https://www.amazon.com/Short-Run-SPC-Donald-Wheeler/dp/0945320124 (catalogue; difference and Zed charts) Cited in module 17
  144. Wheeler, D. J., & Chambers, D. S. (2010). Understanding Statistical Process Control, 3rd ed. SPC Press. https://www.spcpress.com/book_understanding_statistical_process_control.php (catalogue-level; general reference for rational subgrouping's role in SPC) Cited in modules 5, 16
  145. Wikipedia. "Anscombe's quartet." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscombe%27s_quartet (secondary: source of the transcribed values and the stated shared statistics) Cited in module 1
  146. Wikipedia. "Bill Smith (Motorola engineer)" and "Six Sigma". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Smith_(Motorola_engineer) (secondary: used only for the attribution to Smith and the MAIC to DMAIC evolution; dates cross-checked against [1]) Cited in module 0
  147. Wikipedia. "Western Electric rules." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Electric_rules (secondary for the 1956 handbook; the rule statements and zones) Cited in module 16
  148. Wilcoxon, F. "Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods." Biometrics Bulletin 1(6):80 to 83, 1945; Mann, H. B., and Whitney, D. R. "On a Test of Whether One of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger than the Other." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 18(1):50 to 60, 1947; Kruskal, W. H., and Wallis, W. A. "Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis." Journal of the American Statistical Association 47(260):583 to 621, 1952. https://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1987/A1987K083100001.pdf (citation-classic commentary read; originals not read) Cited in module 11
  149. Womack, J. P., and Jones, D. T. Lean Thinking. Simon & Schuster, 1996. https://www.lean.org/the-lean-post/articles/lean-thinking-a-look-back-and-a-look-forward/ (catalogue record and the Lean Enterprise Institute's retrospective) Cited in modules 0, 2
  150. Woodall, W. H. "Controversies and Contradictions in Statistical Process Control (with discussion)." Journal of Quality Technology 32(4):341 to 378, 2000. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224065.2000.11980013 (abstract read) Cited in module 16
  151. Yates, F. The Design and Analysis of Factorial Experiments. Imperial Bureau of Soil Science, Technical Communication 35, 1937. https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-0-387-32833-1_429 (secondary: Yates' algorithm as described in later texts; the original was not read) Cited in module 13
  152. Zu, X., Fredendall, L. D., and Douglas, T. J. "The Evolving Theory of Quality Management: The Role of Six Sigma." Journal of Operations Management 26(5):630 to 650, 2008. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.jom.2008.02.001 (abstract read) Cited in module 0